18 July 2025 -The European Space Agency (ESA), in partnership with UK-based Frazer-Nash and supported by Spirit Aero Systems and Cranfield University, has launched the Invictus research program to develop a fully reusable hypersonic test vehicle capable of reaching Mach 5 (3,836 mph). The program is backed by ESA’s General Support Technology Program (GSTP) and Technology Development Element (TDE).
At the heart of Invictus is its propulsion system: a hydrogen-fueled precooled air-breathing engine designed for horizontal takeoff and sustained hypersonic flight. This engine builds upon technologies developed in ESA’s previous SABRE program, notably a precooler system from Reaction Engines Ltd. The precooler rapidly chills incoming superheated air, mitigating thermal stress caused by shock heating and surface friction at high speeds. This not only protects engine components but also allows efficient combustion and performance at extreme velocities.
According to ESA engineers, mastering this reusable, air-breathing propulsion tech is critical for next-generation aerospace mobility, defense systems, and low-cost space access. The initial phase of the program will focus on delivering a preliminary design of the flight system within 12 months.
Related: US scientists 3D print dark ceramics to boost hypersonic aircraft
Jamie Whitney, Senior Editor
Military + Aerospace Electronics
